Wildlife tourism is based on interactions between tourists and non-domesticated wildlife (Ballantyne, Packer & Falk, 2011; Bertella, 2021). The range of opportunities in wildlife tourism encounters occur in wild, semi-captive or captive settings (Orams, 1996) and involve direct intervention on animals, or not, in the forms of consumptive/non-consumptive activities (Tremblay, 2001). This paper primarily focuses on the non-consumptive wildlife tourism within all types of settings, e.g. bird...