This session presents case studies and policy reviews that contribute to ongoing debate and international dialogue on the role of planning systems and conservation practices in addressing the challenges of citizen engagement—conserving local interests, place attachments alongside physical remnants of industrial heritage. Over the past half century, we have witnessed the development and changing focuses of urban planning and conservation discourses addressing industrial heritage. Relevant p...

During the Industrial Revolution coal was the most important energy source for both homes and industries. At the time, coal mining created strong regional industrial identities and mentalities, as well as industrial images and imaginaries in the eyes and minds of external observers. Such identities and ideas of coal would go on to shape industrial landscapes and communities.The papers presented in this session will investigate the social and economic changes that were triggered by t...

Industrialization processes have been global from their very beginning. However, their interpretation still tends to be limited to specific locations or regions, and to specific time periods. Regularly, for example, it is stated that the industrial revolution started in Europe, from where it spread to the world, supposedly bringing technological and social progress to „less developed“ countries. Earlier periods of technology and knowledge transfer processes, that were already in place in t...

This session is about the “hard facts” of conservation. It aims to draw together technical knowledge from related fields. Industrial conservation specialists rely on specialised knowledge and may sometimes not be aware that there is expertise and proven good or best practice in related fields. The transferring of knowledge from related engineering, construction preservation and architectural conservation specialists can serve the purpose of promoting and securing future preservation of ...

This roundtable will examine innovative and creative pedagogical approaches and partnerships that have created opportunities for experiential learning and community engagement, while enabling successful delivery of programs and courses in industrial heritage. In recent years and with the ongoing situation with the COVID-19 pandemic, undoubtedly online and distance teaching and learning are a top priority. The discussions will offer an analytical dialogue on digital learning strategies and ...

Industrialization processes have been global from their very beginning. However, their interpretation still tends to be limited to specific locations or regions, and to specific time periods. Regularly, for example, it is stated that the industrial revolution started in Europe, from where it spread to the world, supposedly bringing technological and social progress to „less developed“ countries. Earlier periods of technology and knowledge transfer processes, that were already in place in t...

During the Industrial Revolution coal was the most important energy source for both homes and industries. At the time, coal mining created strong regional industrial identities and mentalities, as well as industrial images and imaginaries in the eyes and minds of external observers. Such identities and ideas of coal would go on to shape industrial landscapes and communities.The papers presented in this session will investigate the social and economic changes that were triggered by t...

This session presents case studies and policy reviews that contribute to ongoing debate and international dialogue on the role of planning systems and conservation practices in addressing the challenges of citizen engagement—conserving local interests, place attachments alongside physical remnants of industrial heritage. Over the past half century, we have witnessed the development and changing focuses of urban planning and conservation discourses addressing industrial heritage. Relevant p...

This session is about the “hard facts” of conservation. It aims to draw together technical knowledge from related fields. Industrial conservation specialists rely on specialised knowledge and may sometimes not be aware that there is expertise and proven good or best practice in related fields. The transferring of knowledge from related engineering, construction preservation and architectural conservation specialists can serve the purpose of promoting and securing future preservation of ...

Industrialization processes have been global from their very beginning. However, their interpretation still tends to be limited to specific locations or regions, and to specific time periods. Regularly, for example, it is stated that the industrial revolution started in Europe, from where it spread to the world, supposedly bringing technological and social progress to „less developed“ countries. Earlier periods of technology and knowledge transfer processes, that were already in place in t...

During the Industrial Revolution coal was the most important energy source for both homes and industries. At the time, coal mining created strong regional industrial identities and mentalities, as well as industrial images and imaginaries in the eyes and minds of external observers. Such identities and ideas of coal would go on to shape industrial landscapes and communities.The papers presented in this session will investigate the social and economic changes that were triggered by t...

This session presents case studies and policy reviews that contribute to ongoing debate and international dialogue on the role of planning systems and conservation practices in addressing the challenges of citizen engagement—conserving local interests, place attachments alongside physical remnants of industrial heritage. Over the past half century, we have witnessed the development and changing focuses of urban planning and conservation discourses addressing industrial heritage. Relevant p...

This session is about the “hard facts” of conservation. It aims to draw together technical knowledge from related fields. Industrial conservation specialists rely on specialised knowledge and may sometimes not be aware that there is expertise and proven good or best practice in related fields. The transferring of knowledge from related engineering, construction preservation and architectural conservation specialists can serve the purpose of promoting and securing future preservation of ...

Patrimoine industriel et photographie entretiennent des relations étroites. La photographie constitue une source de l’archéologie industrielle. Elle permet d’éclairer les liens entre les hommes, leurs outils, leurs machines et leurs lieux de travail. Elle est également, une fois l’activité industrielle terminée, un outil de documentation et d’étude des sites. Mais bien au-delà, saisie par des artistes capables de transcender les représentations communes, conférant aux vestiges industriels ...

According to Rodney Harrison, “in the spirit of greater cross-disciplinary engagement, there is […] a pressing need to pay more attention to non-anglophone (and, indeed, non-Western) heritage literatures, histories and traditions” (2013: xiii), when we deal with critical approaches to heritage. This need is even greater when the scientific research focuses on countries such as Romania, Czechia, Bulgaria or Poland where Industrial Heritage, for example, is ignored and where the mechanism an...

It is widely accepted that understanding a historic place is a critical first step to guide subsequent management and conservation. Industrial sites present a number of challenges as understanding their form, function, design, boundaries, and conservation often requires a high degree of technical expertise and experience. In Canada, gaining this expertise and information sharing is hampered by a limited number of institutions offering training in industrial archaeology and the lack of a na...

After 25 years of the launching of the first Latin American Industrial Heritage's organizations (México, Cuba, Argentina, Chile, Venezuela, Perú, Colombia, Brasil, Uruguay, Guatemala, Ecuador) we propose a general balance of the state of the art in the region and the future of the conservation and retooling of the industrial heritage in the covid19 aftermath. This regular session highlights four axes of discussion and comparative studies: 1) The legal framework of the policies of conservat...

Community lies at the heart of the processes of industrialization and de-industrialization. From labor to landscapes and from social fabric to ecological communities, scholars regularly examined the industrial community as core to industrial heritage. However, while social scientists have long studied industrial communities, only recently has there been a general consensus of respecting and working with communities themselves. Even so, working “with” a community on industrial heritage has ...

Industrialization processes have been global from their very beginning. However, their interpretation still tends to be limited to specific locations or regions, and to specific time periods. Regularly, for example, it is stated that the industrial revolution started in Europe, from where it spread to the world, supposedly bringing technological and social progress to „less developed“ countries. Earlier periods of technology and knowledge transfer processes, that were already in place in t...

This session focuses on company towns from the perspective of urban planning. “Company towns” are here defined as single-enterprise planned communities, usually centered around a single industry, where a company commissions an urban plan, builds housing for its workers, and sets up recreational, commercial, institutional or community facilities. While these are now endangered by a second wave of deindustrialization, we observe that, aside studies or monographs of individual towns that popu...

During the Industrial Revolution coal was the most important energy source for both homes and industries. At the time, coal mining created strong regional industrial identities and mentalities, as well as industrial images and imaginaries in the eyes and minds of external observers. Such identities and ideas of coal would go on to shape industrial landscapes and communities.The papers presented in this session  investigate the s...

Cette session nous permettra d’explorer à travers neuf cas d’études internationaux les différentes stratégies de mise en valeur de patrimoines industriels ainsi que leurs impacts sur les communautés et leur territoire.  L’analyse de musées, d’espaces culturels, de parcours et d’aménagements urbains sera l’occasion de mettre en relief les questionnements d’identité, de sens, de pertinence et d’impacts qui animent l’ensemble des acteurs de ce patrimoine en transformation.  ...

Cette proposition de session focalise sur le patrimoine industriel colonial. A partir de trois cas, au Sénégal, au Tchad et à Taïwan, il s’agit de s’interroger sur les controverses et la possibilité d’utilisation du passé colonial. Le premier cas est le Sénégal, un pays d’Afrique de l’Ouest, dont l’industrialisation a été menée par la France afin de profiter des riches matières premières locales ; le deuxième est le Tchad, en Afrique centrale, et in...

It is widely accepted that understanding a historic place is a critical first step to guide subsequent management and conservation. Industrial sites present a number of challenges as understanding their form, function, design, boundaries, and conservation often requires a high degree of technical expertise and experience. In Canada, gaining this expertise and information sharing is hampered by a limited number of institutions offering training in industrial archaeology and the lack of a na...

Industrialization processes have been global from their very beginning. However, their interpretation still tends to be limited to specific locations or regions, and to specific time periods. Regularly, for example, it is stated that the industrial revolution started in Europe, from where it spread to the world, supposedly bringing technological and social progress to „less developed“ countries. Earlier periods of technology and knowledge transfer processes, that were already in place in t...

According to Rodney Harrison, “in the spirit of greater cross-disciplinary engagement, there is […] a pressing need to pay more attention to non-anglophone (and, indeed, non-Western) heritage literatures, histories and traditions” (2013: xiii), when we deal with critical approaches to heritage. This need is even greater when the scientific research focuses on countries such as Romania, Czechia, Bulgaria or Poland where Industrial Heritage, for example, is ignored and where the mechanism an...

After 25 years of the launching of the first Latin American Industrial Heritage's organizations (México, Cuba, Argentina, Chile, Venezuela, Perú, Colombia, Brasil, Uruguay, Guatemala, Ecuador) we propose a general balance of the state of the art in the region and the future of the conservation and retooling of the industrial heritage in the covid19 aftermath. This regular session highlights four axes of discussion and comparative studies: 1) The legal framework of the policies of conservat...

This session focuses on company towns from the perspective of urban planning. “Company towns” are here defined as single-enterprise planned communities, usually centered around a single industry, where a company commissions an urban plan, builds housing for its workers, and sets up recreational, commercial, institutional or community facilities. While these are now endangered by a second wave of deindustrialization, we observe that, aside studies or monographs of individual towns that popu...

During the Industrial Revolution coal was the most important energy source for both homes and industries. At the time, coal mining created strong regional industrial identities and mentalities, as well as industrial images and imaginaries in the eyes and minds of external observers. Such identities and ideas of coal would go on to shape industrial landscapes and communities.The papers presented in this session  investigate the s...

Cette session nous permettra d’explorer à travers neuf cas d’études internationaux les différentes stratégies de mise en valeur de patrimoines industriels ainsi que leurs impacts sur les communautés et leur territoire.  L’analyse de musées, d’espaces culturels, de parcours et d’aménagements urbains sera l’occasion de mettre en relief les questionnements d’identité, de sens, de pertinence et d’impacts qui animent l’ensemble des acteurs de ce patrimoine en transformation.  ...

Pendant cette pause déjeuner, vous pouvez venir discuter avec l'auteur de son dernier livre.Cette discussion aura lieu à la table DePOT, dans le hall principal de la conférence. DePOT fait référence au groupe "Deindustrialization and the Politics or our Time" ; on  y examine les racines historiques et l'expérience vécue de la désindustrialisation ainsi que les réponses politiques à celle-ci. Il s'agit d'un projet de partenariat du CRSH regroupant 33 organisations partenaires et...

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Past efforts to conserve and interpret industrial heritage have rarely acknowledged the role of industry causing damaging environmental change. But todays obvious worldwide climate change inevitably impacts our thinking about conservation. This is why we propose a Roundtable session to encourage people to take a fresh look at environmental impacts of industrial heritage.Already in the 1970s narratives of industrial history as a succession of triumphs began to be qu...

Industrialization processes have been global from their very beginning. However, their interpretation still tends to be limited to specific locations or regions, and to specific time periods. Regularly, for example, it is stated that the industrial revolution started in Europe, from where it spread to the world, supposedly bringing technological and social progress to „less developed“ countries. Earlier periods of technology and knowledge transfer processes, that were already in place in t...

After 25 years of the launching of the first Latin American Industrial Heritage's organizations (México, Cuba, Argentina, Chile, Venezuela, Perú, Colombia, Brasil, Uruguay, Guatemala, Ecuador) we propose a general balance of the state of the art in the region and the future of the conservation and retooling of the industrial heritage in the covid19 aftermath. This regular session highlights four axes of discussion and comparative studies: 1) The legal framework of the policies of conservat...

Drawing on case studies from diverse social, cultural, and political contexts the papers in this session discuss the different responses to maintaining and assessing not only the physical sustainability of industrial heritage but also the sustainability of its social values and meaning.

L’architecture du XXe siècle, par les méthodes de construction, les matériaux utilisés et la conception des ouvrages est partie prenante du patrimoine industriel. S’intéresser aux nouveaux matériaux, ceux apparus et produits depuis le XIXe siècle, participe de cette connaissance de l’industrie et de ses traces matérielles et immatérielles. Lancée en janvier 2019 pour quatre ans, le programme de recherche ARCHIPAL, « Architecture, aluminium et patrimoine XXe-XXIe siècles », ambitionn...

L’activité industrielle est un puissant facteur de concentration de population. En témoignent les sites antiques ou médiévaux étudiés par les historiens, souvent proches des mines, des carrières ou des chantiers de construction. À partir du XVIIIe siècle, cependant, avec les premiers développements industriels, des liens forts se tissent entre les usines et diverses formes d’urbanisation. De la variété de rapports que construit l’industrie avec la ville ou, plus largement, avec les lieux d...

The role of industrial heritage in urban development has been extensively acknowledged in guiding and legitimizing the policies and discourses implemented by governments mostly to ensure the continuity between the past, present and future. Mega-events such as sports (e.g. Olympics, World Cup, etc.), cultural (Universal Expositions and national Exhibitions), economic (trade and technology fairs) events are often opportunities used in a top-down process to reinforce the mobilization of the i...

The Global and Local Section of TICCIH aims to continue its collaborative work by organising a separate session within the framework of the 18th congress in Montreal, Canada. Following its previous sessions centred on various subjects at the Freiberg, Tampere, Taipei and Lille TICCIH conferences, this time the Section will focus on the identity of industrial civilisation in the post-communist countries in Central and Eastern Europe from the angle of its industrial heritage, lost or preserv...

L’Amérique du Nord compte un grand nombre de canaux historiques, qui ont été fermés à la navigation commerciale en raison notamment de l’évolution des transports (navire au plus fort tonnage, trains, camions, etc.). Si certains canaux historiques ont été comblés, oubliés ou désaffectés, plusieurs ont survécu, en entier ou en partie, devenant des sites patrimoniaux attractifs. Pour certains d’entre eux, le défi consiste à conjuguer la préservation des composantes historiques avec la nécessi...

The legacy of open pit mining in general, and in the landscape of the Lusatian lignite district in Germany in particular, is a recultivated, restored, man-made, technogenic landscape. However, the future post-mining land uses in Lusatia must be understood as an opportunity that enables future-oriented land use not only from a technological-scientific and economic basis, but also from a social and especially cultural perspective. Therefore, the currently often negatively described Lusatian ...

Industrialization processes have been global from their very beginning. However, their interpretation still tends to be limited to specific locations or regions, and to specific time periods. Regularly, for example, it is stated that the industrial revolution started in Europe, from where it spread to the world, supposedly bringing technological and social progress to „less developed“ countries. Earlier periods of technology and knowledge transfer processes, that were already in place in t...

This session brings together a set of studies focused on the uses adaptative reuses (and even replications) of industrial heritage in the larger context of its urban and social landscapes. Urban industrial memory, its social and territorial impacts, as well as its conservation and promotion, will be discussed from a variety of case studies ranging from Central and Southern Europe to Turkey, China and North America. The interdisciplinary approaches underlying each of the studies will also b...

In this roundtable we will resume and discuss main ideas and findings from the regular session on "Reinterpreting industrial heritage from a global perspective", which will be held in 7 slots from Monday through to Wednesday morning. During these days, we will deepen the discussion between the session’s participants and other colleagues, while spending time together on the congress’ floors and doorsteps. In addition, we can build on previous reflections some of us shared dur...

This session brings together a set of studies focused on the uses adaptative reuses (and even replications) of industrial heritage in the larger context of its urban and social landscapes. Urban industrial memory, its social and territorial impacts, as well as its conservation and promotion, will be discussed from a variety of case studies ranging from Central and Southern Europe to Turkey, China and North America. The interdisciplinary approaches underlying each of the studies will also b...

L’activité industrielle est un puissant facteur de concentration de population. En témoignent les sites antiques ou médiévaux étudiés par les historiens, souvent proches des mines, des carrières ou des chantiers de construction. À partir du XVIIIe siècle, cependant, avec les premiers développements industriels, des liens forts se tissent entre les usines et diverses formes d’urbanisation. De la variété de rapports que construit l’industrie avec la ville ou, plus largement, avec les lieux d...

The Global and Local Section of TICCIH aims to continue its collaborative work by organising a separate session within the framework of the 18th congress in Montreal, Canada. Following its previous sessions centred on various subjects at the Freiberg, Tampere, Taipei and Lille TICCIH conferences, this time the Section will focus on the identity of industrial civilisation in the post-communist countries in Central and Eastern Europe from the angle of its industrial heritage, lost or preserv...

L’Amérique du Nord compte un grand nombre de canaux historiques, qui ont été fermés à la navigation commerciale en raison notamment de l’évolution des transports (navire au plus fort tonnage, trains, camions, etc.). Si certains canaux historiques ont été comblés, oubliés ou désaffectés, plusieurs ont survécu, en entier ou en partie, devenant des sites patrimoniaux attractifs. Pour certains d’entre eux, le défi consiste à conjuguer la préservation des composantes historiques avec la nécessi...

Des exemples pris sur plusieurs continents, en Europe, en Amérique du Sud, en Amérique du Nord, en Turquie, montrent des permanences fortes dans les objectifs qui président à la réutilisation des bâtiments industriels, par exemple le soucis de prendre en compte le patrimoine industriel comme une ressource pour le développement urbain et territorial ou encore les liens étroits qu’il entretient avec la culture, qu’il s’agisse de son utilisation pour abriter des équipements culturels ou plus ...

L’architecture du XXe siècle, par les méthodes de construction, les matériaux utilisés et la conception des ouvrages est partie prenante du patrimoine industriel. S’intéresser aux nouveaux matériaux, ceux apparus et produits depuis le XIXe siècle, participe de cette connaissance de l’industrie et de ses traces matérielles et immatérielles.Lancée en janvier 2019 pour quatre ans, le programme de recherche ARCHIPAL, «&n...

The role of industrial heritage in urban development has been extensively acknowledged in guiding and legitimizing the policies and discourses implemented by governments mostly to ensure the continuity between the past, present and future. Mega-events such as sports (e.g. Olympics, World Cup, etc.), cultural (Universal Expositions and national Exhibitions), economic (trade and technology fairs) events are often opportunities used in a top-down process to reinforce the mobilization of the i...

Les friches industrielles sont devenues des figures urbaines ordinaires et témoignent, dans les anciennes puissances industrielles mais aussi dans les pays du Sud, des transformations du tissu urbain ainsi que du fait qu’il y ait processus de qualification, déqualification et, parfois, requalification de ces lieux. Les transformations qui les caractérisent structurent aujourd’hui d’indéniables enjeux politiques, sociologiques, spatiaux et culturels.Dans le cadre de ce congrès dont l...

This session addresses a perpetuating disjunction between conceptualisation of heritage and heritage making in heritage studies vis-a-vis heritage management and conservation of industrial heritage sites. There is an inevitable impact of this disjunction on advancing policy in people- and place-centred approaches to heritage futures. This session aims to explore ways in which tangible and intangible traces of the past can be utilised creatively in shaping desirable places to dwell and work...

The Global and Local Section of TICCIH aims to continue its collaborative work by organising a separate session within the framework of the 18th congress in Montreal, Canada. Following its previous sessions centred on various subjects at the Freiberg, Tampere, Taipei and Lille TICCIH conferences, this time the Section will focus on the identity of industrial civilisation in the post-communist countries in Central and Eastern Europe from the angle of its industrial heritage, lost or preserv...

This session brings together a set of studies focused on the uses adaptative reuses (and even replications) of industrial heritage in the larger context of its urban and social landscapes. Urban industrial memory, its social and territorial impacts, as well as its conservation and promotion, will be discussed from a variety of case studies ranging from Central and Southern Europe to Turkey, China and North America. The interdisciplinary approaches underlying each of the studies will also b...

The textile sector led industrialization and urbanization worldwide for nearly three centuries. Textile industries established global trade networks based on transport, skills, knowledge, and power. They changed territories, landscapes, and cityscapes. Mill complexes and their infrastructure - canals for power and transport, railways, warehouses, and workers' housing- form historic rural or urban landscapes and represent global chains of production. This textile heritage includes tangible ...

The proposed session will examine the unfolding relationship between industrial heritage and those left behind in adjoining deindustrialized working-class areas. The four papers seek to understand the socio-economic and political impact of recognizing the industrial past in the present. Two guiding questions will be asked. Can industrial heritage support those ‘left behind’ in deindustrialized areas where nothing, or very little, has filled the economic or cultural vacuum? Has industrial h...

The Bata Company, which evolved from a small workshop in Zlin in the former Austro-Hungarian Empire, today being part of the Czech Republic, at the end of the 19th century, became one of the best-known largest shoe producers in the world in the second half of the twentieth century. The company was not characterised by the unique organisational structure and implementation of disruptive innovations only. Also, it is connected with significant investments in the social life of its employees....

Many of the remained big scale Industrial heritage in Taiwan were the products of the Japanese colonial period between 1895 and 1945, which spans the first half of the twentieth century. This fifty-year colonial industrialisation is arguably Taiwan’s most influential industrial heritage because it began a rapid process of modernisation that is continuing today. The key to this process is the industrialisation that led to the development of main parts of the island, catalysed new communitie...

This session addresses a perpetuating disjunction between conceptualisation of heritage and heritage making in heritage studies vis-a-vis heritage management and conservation of industrial heritage sites. There is an inevitable impact of this disjunction on advancing policy in people- and place-centred approaches to heritage futures. This session aims to explore ways in which tangible and intangible traces of the past can be utilised creatively in shaping desirable places to dwell and work...

This session will bring together four specialists in the history of the production of oil and petroleum, natural gas, coal and nuclear energy, to debate the distinct as well as shared issues around the study and protection of their industrial heritage. The history of energy production is characterized by groundbreaking technological advances and achievements, enormous technological, social and environmental consequences, and the evolution of distinctive landscapes and communiti...

Transportation and distribution have served as the secondary component to significant industrial expansion after energy and power transformed modes of production.  Expanding production permitted increases in output demanding a means to both bring new materials into industrialized regions and export products to markets. Canals and shipping provided the earliest forms of bulk transportation but were limited by capacity, geography, and envir...

Des exemples pris sur plusieurs continents, en Europe, en Amérique du Sud, en Amérique du Nord, en Turquie, montrent des permanences fortes dans les objectifs qui président à la réutilisation des bâtiments industriels, par exemple le soucis de prendre en compte le patrimoine industriel comme une ressource pour le développement urbain et territorial ou encore les liens étroits qu’il entretient avec la culture, qu’il s’agisse de son utilisation pour abriter des équipements culturels ou plus ...

Si le blé occupe une place mythique dans l’histoire de l’industrie au Canada, le pain et la boulangerie n’ont pas suscité le même intérêt. Témoin de l’époque artisanale, puis de l’industrialisation, le secteur du pain connaît aujourd’hui un retour à des modes de production préindustriels, dans la foulée de la « glocalisation » qui caractérise plusieurs produits alimentaires. Les études consacrées à la fabrication du pain se sont surtout intéressées au monde rural et à l’époque préindustrie...

The Bata Company, which evolved from a small workshop in Zlin in the former Austro-Hungarian Empire, today being part of the Czech Republic, at the end of the 19th century, became one of the best-known largest shoe producers in the world in the second half of the twentieth century. The company was not characterised by the unique organisational structure and implementation of disruptive innovations only. Also, it is connected with significant investments in the social life of its employees....

Many of the remained big scale Industrial heritage in Taiwan were the products of the Japanese colonial period between 1895 and 1945, which spans the first half of the twentieth century. This fifty-year colonial industrialisation is arguably Taiwan’s most influential industrial heritage because it began a rapid process of modernisation that is continuing today. The key to this process is the industrialisation that led to the development of main parts of the island, catalysed new communitie...

The proposed session will examine the unfolding relationship between industrial heritage and those left behind in adjoining deindustrialized working-class areas. The four papers seek to understand the socio-economic and political impact of recognizing the industrial past in the present. Two guiding questions will be asked. Can industrial heritage support those ‘left behind’ in deindustrialized areas where nothing, or very little, has filled the economic or cultural vacuum? Has industrial h...

This session addresses a perpetuating disjunction between conceptualisation of heritage and heritage making in heritage studies vis-a-vis heritage management and conservation of industrial heritage sites. There is an inevitable impact of this disjunction on advancing policy in people- and place-centred approaches to heritage futures. This session aims to explore ways in which tangible and intangible traces of the past can be utilised creatively in shaping desirable places to dwell and work...

Transportation and distribution have served as the secondary component to significant industrial expansion after energy and power transformed modes of production.  Expanding production permitted increases in output demanding a means to both bring new materials into industrialized regions and export products to markets. Canals and shipping provided the earliest forms of bulk transportation but were limited by capacity, geography, and envir...